This is part of the installation, always selected for R code but optional for data. When used the R objects of the package are created at installation time and stored in a database in the R directory of the installed package, being loaded into the session at first use.

This makes the R session start up faster and use less virtual memory. For technical details, see Lazy loading in R Internals. CRAN is a network of WWW sites holding the R distributions and contributed code, especially R packages. shtml submitting. Next: Configure and cleanup , Previous: Creating R packages , Up: Creating R packages [ Contents ][ Index ].

The package subdirectory may also contain files INDEX , configure , cleanup , LICENSE , LICENCE and NEWS. md 2 , or ChangeLog will be ignored by R, but may be useful to end users. The utility R CMD build may add files in a build directory but this should not be used for other purposes. The NAMESPACE file is described in the section on Package namespaces.

The optional files configure and cleanup are Bourne shell scripts which are, respectively, executed before and if option --clean was given after installation on Unix-alikes, see Configure and cleanup. The analogues on Windows are configure. win and cleanup. Since R 4. ucrt and cleanup.

ucrt are supported and take precedence over configure. They can hence be used to provide content specific for UCRT or Rtools42, if needed, but the support for. ucrt files may be removed in the future when building packages from source on the older versions of R will no longer be needed, and hence the files may be renamed back to.

html Documentation. The package subdirectory should be given the same name as the package. Because some file systems e. For example, if you have a package named foo , do not also create a package named Foo. Also, file names in the same directory must not differ only by case see the previous paragraph. For maximal portability filenames should only contain only ASCII characters not excluded already that is A-Za-z In addition, packages are normally distributed as tarballs, and these have a limit on path lengths: for maximal portability bytes.

A source package if possible should not contain binary executable files: they are not portable, and a security risk if they are of the appropriate architecture. R CMD check will warn about them 4 unless they are listed one filepath per line in a file BinaryFiles at the top level of the package. Note that CRAN will not accept submissions containing binary files even if they are listed. The R function package. skeleton can help to create the structure for a new package: see its help page for details.

Next: Licensing , Previous: Package structure , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. Fields start with an ASCII name immediately followed by a colon: the value starts after the colon and a space. Continuation lines for example, for descriptions longer than one line start with a space or tab.

Field names are case-sensitive: all those used by R are capitalized. This should contain only ASCII letters, numbers and dot, have at least two characters and start with a letter and not end in a dot. It is not a decimal number, so for example 0.

Some package listings may truncate the title to 65 characters. It should use title case that is, use capitals for the principal words: tools::toTitleCase can help you with this , not use any markup, not have any continuation lines, and not end in a period unless part of …. Do not repeat the package name: it is often used prefixed by the name. Refer to other packages and external software in single quotes, and to book titles and similar in double quotes.

One can use several complete sentences, but only one paragraph. It should be intelligible to all the intended readership e. for a CRAN package to all CRAN users. This field should also be used for explaining the package name if necessary. URLs should be enclosed in angle brackets, e. Note that all significant contributors must be included: if you wrote an R wrapper for the work of others included in the src directory, you are not the sole and maybe not even the main author.

It should not end in a period or comma. This field is what is reported by the maintainer function and used by bug. For a CRAN package it should be a person , not a mailing list and not a corporate entity: do ensure that it is valid and will remain valid for the lifetime of the package.

Note that the display name the part before the address in angle brackets should be enclosed in double quotes if it contains non-alphanumeric characters such as comma or period. The current standard, RFC , allows periods but RFC did not. person for more information. Note that no role is assumed by default. Auto-generated package citation information takes advantage of this specification. These URL s are converted to active hyperlinks in CRAN package listings.

See Specifying URLs. This URL will be used by bug. report instead of sending an email to the maintainer. Base and recommended packages i. These priorities must not be used by other packages. If present, the collate specification must list all R code files in the package taking possible OS-specific subdirectories into account, see Package subdirectories as a whitespace separated list of file paths relative to the R subdirectory. Paths containing white space or quotes need to be quoted.

This can be overridden by installing with flag --no-byte-compile. This can be overridden by the flags --use-LTO and --no-use-LTO. This field was introduced in R 3. This should only be used exceptionally, for example if the PDFs include large figures which are not part of the package sources and hence only in packages which do not have an Open Source license.

The utils package is always implicitly appended. See Non-Sweave vignettes for details. Rd files. The examples are assumed to be in this encoding when running R CMD check , and it is used for the encoding of the CITATION file.

Only encoding names latin1 , latin2 and UTF-8 are known to be portable. Do not specify an encoding unless one is actually needed: doing so makes the package less portable. If a package has a specified encoding, you should run R CMD build etc in a locale using that encoding. This is used by install. html ; the former refers to the version. The subject classifications should be comma-separated lists of the respective classification codes, e.

Macro definitions in individual. Rd files in the man directory are loaded last, and are local to later parts of that file.

In case of duplicates, the last loaded definition will be used. Packages using Rd macros should depend on R 3. There is no restriction on the use of other fields not mentioned here but using other capitalizations of these field names would cause confusion.

Some repositories including CRAN and R-forge add their own fields. Licensing for a package which might be distributed is an important but potentially complex subject. It is very important that you include license information!

Otherwise, it may not even be legally correct for others to distribute copies of the package, let alone use it. Others need to ensure that there are no restrictions stopping them using a package, e. forbidding commercial or military use. It is a central tenet of FOSS software that there are no restrictions on users nor usage. Alternatives are indicated via vertical bars. Individual specifications must be one of. Abbreviations GPL and LGPL are ambiguous and usually 10 taken to mean any version of the license: but it is better not to use them.

If a package license restricts a base license where permitted, e. Note that several commonly used licenses do not permit restrictions: this includes GPL-2 and hence any specification which includes it.

These are used by, e. packages filters. Whereas you should feel free to include a license file in your source distribution, please do not arrange to install yet another copy of the GNU COPYING or COPYING. Since files named LICENSE or LICENCE will be installed, do not use these names for standard license files.

To include comments about the licensing rather than the body of a license, use a file named something like LICENSE. Next: The INDEX file , Previous: Licensing , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ].

Those packages will be attached before the current package when library or require is called. Each package name may be optionally followed by a comment in parentheses specifying a version requirement.

The comment should contain a comparison operator, whitespace and a valid version number, e. As here, trailing zeroes can be dropped and it is recommended that they are. You can also require a certain SVN revision for R-devel or R-patched, e. It makes no sense to declare a dependence on R without a version specification, nor on the package base : this is an R package and package base is always available. It is inadvisable to use a dependence on R with patchlevel the third digit other than zero.

Doing so with packages which others depend on will cause the other packages to become unusable under earlier versions in the series, and e. versions 4. The R INSTALL facilities check if the version of R used is recent enough for the package being installed, and the list of packages which is specified will be attached after checking version requirements before the current package. Version requirements can be specified and are checked when the namespace is loaded. This includes packages used only in examples, tests or vignettes see Writing package vignettes , and packages loaded in the body of functions.

Version requirements can be specified but should be checked by the code which uses the package. Version requirements can be specified, but are currently not used.

Such packages cannot be required to check the package: any tests which use them must be conditional on the presence of the package. If your tests use e.

It is important that the information in these fields is complete and accurate: it is for example used to compute which packages depend on an updated package and which packages can safely be installed in parallel. This scheme was developed before all packages had namespaces R 2. This is checked by R CMD check. R code in the package should call library or require only exceptionally. For example. This includes CRAN package BH and almost all users of RcppArmadillo and RcppEigen.

It is currently used by R CMD check to check that the packages can be found, at least as source packages which can be installed on any platform. Previous: Package Dependencies , Up: Package Dependencies [ Contents ][ Index ].

However, using require for conditioning in package code is not good practice as it alters the search path for the rest of the session and relies on functions in that package not being masked by other require or library calls. It is better practice to use code like. Note the use of rgl:: as that object would not necessarily be visible and if it is, it need not be the one from that namespace: plot3d occurs in several other packages.

If the intention is to give an error if the suggested package is not available, simply use e. If the conditional code produces print output, function withAutoprint can be useful.

Note that the recommendation to use suggested packages conditionally in tests does also apply to packages used to manage test suites: a notorious example was testthat which in version 1. It is recommended that a package is checked with each of these set, as well as with neither. WARNING: Be extremely careful if you do things which would be run at installation time depending on whether suggested packages are available or not—this includes top-level code in R code files,. onLoad functions and the definitions of S4 classes and methods.

The problem is that once a namespace of a suggested package is loaded, references to it may be captured in the installed package most commonly in S4 methods , but the suggested package may not be available when the installed package is used which especially for binary packages might be on a different machine. Even worse, the problems might not be confined to your package, for the namespaces of your suggested packages will also be loaded whenever any package which imports yours is installed and so may be captured there.

Next: Package subdirectories , Previous: Package Dependencies , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. The optional file INDEX contains a line for each sufficiently interesting object in the package, giving its name and a description functions such as print methods not usually called explicitly might not be included. Normally this file is missing and the corresponding information is automatically generated from the documentation sources using tools::Rdindex when installing from source.

Next: Data in packages , Previous: The INDEX file , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. The R subdirectory contains R code files, only.

The code files to be installed must start with an ASCII lower or upper case letter or digit and have one of the extensions We recommend using. R , as this extension seems to be not used by any other software. It should be possible to read in the files using source , so R objects must be created by assignments. Note that there need be no connection between the name of the file and the R objects created by it. Ideally, the R code files should only directly assign R objects and definitely should not call functions with side effects such as require and options.

Extreme care is needed if top-level computations are made to depend on availability or not of other packages. In particular this applies to setMethods and setClass calls. Nor should they depend on the availability of external resources such as downloads. Two exceptions are allowed: if the R subdirectory contains a file sysdata.

this will be lazy-loaded into the namespace environment — this is intended for system datasets that are not intended to be user-accessible via data. Only ASCII characters and the control characters tab, formfeed, LF and CR should be used in code files. Other characters are accepted in comments 14 , but then the comments may not be readable in e. a UTF-8 locale. Non- ASCII characters in object names will normally 15 fail when the package is installed.

However, non- ASCII character strings may not be usable in some locales and may display incorrectly in others. Various R functions in a package can be used to initialize and clean up. See Load hooks. The man subdirectory should contain only documentation files for the objects in the package in R documentation Rd format.

The documentation filenames must start with an ASCII lower or upper case letter or digit and have the extension. Rd the default or.

See Writing R documentation files , for more information. Rd which documents all such objects, and clearly states that these are not meant to be called by the user.

See e. the sources for package grid in the R distribution. Note that packages which use internal objects extensively should not export those objects from their namespace, when they do not need to be documented see Package namespaces.

Having a man directory containing no documentation files may give an installation error. The man subdirectory may contain a subdirectory named macros ; this will contain source for user-defined Rd macros. See User-defined macros. These use the Rd format, but may not contain anything but macro definitions, comments and whitespace.

The R and man subdirectories may contain OS-specific subdirectories named unix or windows. The sources and headers for the compiled code are in src , plus optionally a file Makevars or Makefile. When a package is installed using R CMD INSTALL , make is used to control compilation and linking into a shared object for loading into R. cc or. cpp ,. f90 or. f95 ,. m , and. mm , respectively. Use of extension. Files in the src directory should not be hidden start with a dot , and hidden files will under some versions of R be ignored.

It is not portable and may not be possible at all to mix all these languages in a single package. If such a file is to be distributed, considerable care is needed to make it general enough to work on all R platforms. win must be used. ucrt will be ignored by earlier versions of R, and hence can be used to provide content specific for UCRT or Rtools42, but the support for.

Some make programs require makefiles to have a complete final line, including a newline. A few packages use the src directory for purposes other than making a shared object e. to create executables. ucrt unless intended for only Unix-alikes or only Windows. R file:. The data subdirectory is for data files: See Data in packages. The demo subdirectory is for R scripts for running via demo that demonstrate some of the functionality of the package.

Demos may be interactive and are not checked automatically, so if testing is desired use code in the tests directory to achieve this. The script files must start with a lower or upper case letter and have one of the extensions. If present, the demo subdirectory should also have a 00Index file with one line for each demo, giving its name and a description separated by a tab or at least three spaces.

This index file is not generated automatically. Note that a demo does not have a specified encoding and so should be an ASCII file see Encoding issues. Function demo will use the package encoding if there is one, but this is mainly useful for non- ASCII comments.

The contents of the inst subdirectory will be copied recursively to the installation directory. Subdirectories of inst should not interfere with those used by R currently, R , data , demo , exec , libs , man , help , html and Meta , and earlier versions used latex , R-ex.

The copying of the inst happens after src is built so its Makefile can create files to be installed. To exclude files from being installed, one can specify a list of exclude patterns in file. Rinstignore in the top-level source directory.

These patterns should be Perl-like regular expressions see the help for regexp in R for the precise details , one per line, to be matched case-insensitively against the file and directory paths, e.

packages on the tarball. So any information files you wish an end user to see should be included in inst. Note that if the named exceptions also occur in inst , the version in inst will be that seen in the installed package. Things you might like to add to inst are a CITATION file for use by the citation function, and a NEWS. Rd file for use by the news function. See its help page for the specific format restrictions of the NEWS. Rd file.

Subdirectory tests is for additional package-specific test code, similar to the specific tests that come with the R distribution. Test code can either be provided directly in a. Rin file containing code which in turn creates the corresponding. R file e. The results of running a. R file are written to a.

Rout file. If there is a corresponding save file, these two are compared, with differences being reported but not causing an error.

Note that the package-specific tests are run in a vanilla R session without setting the random-number seed, so tests which use random numbers will need to set the seed to obtain reproducible results and it can be helpful to do so in all cases, to avoid occasional failures when tests are run.

If directory tests has a subdirectory Examples containing a file pkg -Ex. save , this is compared to the output file for running the examples when the latter are checked. Reference output should be produced without having the --timings option set and note that --as-cran sets it.

Things which trip up maintainers include displayed version numbers from loading other packages, printing numerical results to an unreproducibly high precision and printing timings. Another trap is small values which are in fact rounding error from zero: consider using zapsmall.

Subdirectory exec could contain additional executable scripts the package needs, typically scripts for interpreters such as the shell, Perl, or Tcl. Note too that this is not suitable for executable programs since some platforms including Windows support multiple architectures using the same installed package directory.

Subdirectory po is used for files related to localization : see Internationalization. Subdirectory tools is the preferred place for auxiliary files needed during configuration, and also for sources need to re-create scripts e. M4 files for autoconf : some prefer to put those in a subdirectory m4 of tools. Next: Non-R scripts in packages , Previous: Package subdirectories , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. The data subdirectory is for data files, either to be made available via lazy-loading or for loading using data.

Data files can have one of three types as indicated by their extension: plain R code. r , tables. tab ,. txt , or. csv , see? data for the file formats, and note that. csv is not the standard 22 CSV format , or save images. RData or. The files should not be hidden have names starting with a dot. Images extensions. RData 23 or. rda can contain references to the namespaces of packages that were used to create them. Preferably there should be no such references in data files, and in any case they should only be to packages listed in the Depends and Imports fields, as otherwise it may be impossible to install the package.

To check for such references, load all the images into a vanilla R session, run str on all the datasets, and look at the output of loadedNamespaces. Particular care is needed where a dataset or one of its components is of an S4 class, especially if the class is defined in a different package.

First, the package containing the class definition has to be available to do useful things with the dataset, so that package must be listed in Imports or Depends even if this gives a check warning about unused imports. Second, the definition of an S4 class can change, and often is unnoticed when in a package with a different author.

So it may be wiser to use the. R scripts to produce your data, loading your namespace, you can speed up installation by providing a file datalist in the data subdirectory. csv files can be compressed by gzip , bzip2 or xz , optionally with additional extension. bz2 or. If your package is to be distributed, do consider the resource implications of large datasets for your users: they can make packages very slow to download and use up unwelcome amounts of storage space, as well as taking many seconds to load.

It is normally best to distribute large datasets as. Using bzip2 or xz compression will usually reduce the size of both the package tarball and the installed package, in some cases by a factor of two or more.

Package tools has a couple of functions to help with data images: checkRdaFiles reports on the way the image was saved, and resaveRdaFiles will re-save with a different type of compression, including choosing the best type for that particular image.

Useful values are bzip2 , xz and the default, gzip : value none is also accepted. rdb file. A function to do that quoting sizes in KB is. If you see that, run CheckLazyDataCompression and set the field — to gzip in the unlikely event 24 that is the best choice. The analogue for sysdata. Lazy-loading is not supported for very large datasets those which when serialized exceed 2GB, the limit for the format on bit platforms.

Next: Specifying URLs , Previous: Data in packages , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. Subdirectory exec could be used for scripts for interpreters such as the shell, BUGS, JavaScript, Matlab, Perl, php amap , Python or Tcl Simile , or even R.

Java code is a special case: except for very small programs,. java files should be byte-compiled to a. class file and distributed as part of a. jar file: the conventional location for the. It is desirable and required under an Open Source license to make the Java source files available: this is best done in a top-level java directory in the package—the source files should not be installed.

This is fairly easy to do: first find the Tcl search path:. If no location on that search path is writeable, you will need to add one each time BWidget is to be used with tcltk::addTclPath.

gz , but needed patching for current Tk 8. Previous: Non-R scripts in packages , Up: Package structure [ Contents ][ Index ]. URLs in many places in the package documentation will be converted to clickable hyperlinks in at least some of their renderings. So care is needed that their forms are correct and portable. Spaces in URLs are not portable and how they are handled does vary by HTTP server and by client. Next: Checking and building packages , Previous: Package structure , Up: Creating R packages [ Contents ][ Index ].

Note that most of this section is specific to Unix-alikes: see the comments later on about the Windows port of R. If your package needs some system-dependent configuration before installation you can include an executable Bourne 26 shell script configure in your package which if present is executed by R CMD INSTALL before any other action is performed.

This can be a script created by the Autoconf mechanism, but may also be a script written by yourself. Use this to detect if any nonstandard libraries are present such that corresponding code in the package can be disabled at install time rather than giving error messages when the package is compiled or used.

To summarize, the full power of Autoconf is available for your extension package including variable substitution, searching for libraries, etc. Under a Unix-alike only, an executable Bourne shell script cleanup is executed as the last thing by R CMD INSTALL if option --clean was given, and by R CMD build when preparing the package for building from its source. As an example consider we want to use functionality provided by a C or Fortran library foo.

For example, if a function named bar is to be made available by linking against library foo i. From this file configure creates the actual R source file foo. R looking like. if library foo was not found with the desired functionality. In this case, the above R code effectively disables the function. One could also use different file fragments for available and missing functionality, respectively. You will very likely need to ensure that the same C compiler and compiler flags are used in the configure tests as when compiling R or your package.

Under a Unix-alike, you can achieve this by including the following fragment early in configure. If your code does load checks for example, to check for an entry point in a library or to run code then you will also need. You can use R CMD config to get the value of the basic configuration variables, and also the header and library flags necessary for linking a front-end executable program against R, see R CMD config --help for details. Note that FLIBS as determined by R must be used to ensure that Fortran code works on all R platforms.

Otherwise R CMD build may ship the files that are created. For example, package RODBC has. As this example shows, configure often creates working files such as config.

If your configure script needs auxiliary files, it is recommended that you ship them in a tools directory as R itself does. You should bear in mind that the configure script will not be used on Windows systems. If your package is to be made publicly available, please give enough information for a user on a non-Unix-alike platform to configure it manually, or provide a configure.

win script or configure. ucrt to be used on that platform. Optionally, there can be a cleanup. win script or cleanup. Both should be shell scripts to be executed by ash , which is a minimal version of Bourne-style sh.

When configure. win or configure. In some rare circumstances, the configuration and cleanup scripts need to know the location into which the package is being installed. Usually, the object that is dynamically loaded by R is linked against the second, dependent, object.

On some systems, we can add the location of this dependent object to the object that is dynamically loaded by R. Another example is when a package installs support files that are required at run time, and their location is substituted into an R data structure at installation time.

The names of the top-level library directory i. Additionally, the name of the package e. Its main use is in configure. One of the more tricky tasks can be to find the headers and libraries of external software. One tool which is increasingly available on Unix-alikes but not by default 28 on macOS to do this is pkg-config.

Note that pkg-config --libs gives the information required to link against the default version 30 of that library usually the dynamic one , and pkg-config --static --libs may be needed if the static library is to be used. Static libraries are commonly used on macOS and Windows to facilitate bundling external software with binary distributions of packages. This means that portable source packages need to allow for this.

so which would be needed to use -ljbig sometimes included in pkg-config --static --libs libtiff Another issue is that pkg-config --exists may not be reliable. XQuartz 2. x only distributed dynamic libraries and not some of the. pc files needed for --exists. Sometimes the name by which the software is known to pkg-config is not what one might expect e. To get a complete list use.

Some external software provides a -config command to do a similar job to pkg-config , including. curl-config is for libcurl not curl. nc-config is for netcdf. Most have an option to use static libraries. These commands indicate what header paths and libraries are needed, but they do not obviate the need to check that the recipes they give actually work. This is especially necessary for platforms which use static linking. If using Autoconf it is good practice to include all the Autoconf sources in the package and required for an Open Source package and tested by R CMD check --as-cran.

This will include the file configure. ac 31 in the top-level directory of the package. If extensions written in m4 are needed, these should be included under the directory tools and included from configure. ac via e. Alternatively, Autoconf can be asked to search all. m4 files in a directory by including something like Next: Configure example , Previous: Configure and cleanup , Up: Configure and cleanup [ Contents ][ Index ].

Sometimes writing your own configure script can be avoided by supplying a file Makevars : also one of the most common uses of a configure script is to make Makevars from Makevars. A Makevars file is a makefile and is used as one of several makefiles by R CMD SHLIB which is called by R CMD INSTALL to compile code in the src directory.

It should be written if at all possible in a portable style, in particular except for Makevars. win and Makevars. ucrt without the use of GNU extensions. When writing a Makevars file for a package you intend to distribute, take care to ensure that it is not specific to your compiler: flags such as -O2 -Wall -pedantic and all other -W flags: for the Oracle compilers these are used to pass arguments to compiler phases are all specific to GCC and compilers such as clang which aim to be options-compatible with it.

Also, do not set variables such as CPPFLAGS , CFLAGS etc. See Customizing package compilation in R Installation and Administration ,. That makefile is included as a Makefile after Makevars[. win] , and the macros it defines can be used in macro assignments and make command lines in the latter. These include. A macro containing the set of libraries need to link Fortran code.

A macro containing the BLAS libraries used when building R. Beware that if it is empty then the R executable will contain all the double-precision and double-complex BLAS routines, but no single-precision nor complex routines. A macro containing the LAPACK libraries and paths where appropriate used when building R. It may point to a dynamic library libRlapack which contains the main double-precision LAPACK routines as well as those double-complex LAPACK routines needed to build R, or it may point to an external LAPACK library, or may be empty if an external BLAS library also contains LAPACK.

See the example later in this section. This can be useful in conjunction with implicit rules to allow other types of source code to be compiled and included in the shared object. It can also be used to control the set of files which are compiled, either by excluding some files in src or including some files in subdirectories. Note that Makevars should not normally contain targets, as it is included before the default makefile and make will call the first target, intended to be all in the default makefile.

If you really need to circumvent that, use a suitable phony target all before any actual targets in Makevars. needed to ensure that the LAPACK routines find some constants without infinite looping. The Windows equivalent was. Note that the first target in Makevars will be called, but for back-compatibility it is best named all. If you want to create and then link to a library, say using code in a subdirectory, use something like.

Be careful to create all the necessary dependencies, as there is no guarantee that the dependencies of all will be run in a particular order and some of the CRAN build machines use multiple CPUs and parallel makes. In particular,. but that is not portable. dmake and pmake allow the similar. Note that on Windows it is required that Makevars[. ucrt] does create a DLL: this is needed as it is the only reliable way to ensure that building a DLL succeeded. If you want to use the src directory for some purpose other than building a DLL, use a Makefile.

win or Makefile. ucrt file. win or Makevars. ucrt : this will be used by R CMD build to clean up a copy of the package sources. which asks make to clean in parallel with compiling the code. Not only does this lead to hard-to-debug installation errors, it wipes out all the evidence of any error from a parallel make or not. It is much better to leave cleaning to the end user using the facilities in the previous paragraph.

If you want to run R code in Makevars , e. to find configuration information, please do ensure that you use the correct copy of R or Rscript : there might not be one in the path at all, or it might be the wrong version or architecture. The correct way to do this is via. Environment or make variables can be used to select different macros for and bit code, for example GNU make syntax, allowed on Windows.

On Windows there is normally a choice between linking to an import library or directly to a DLL. Where possible, the latter is much more reliable: import libraries are tied to a specific toolchain, and in particular on bit Windows two different conventions have been commonly used. So for example instead of. where the first and second are conventionally import libraries, the third and fourth often static libraries with. html WIN The fly in the ointment is that the DLL might not be named libxxx.

dll , and in fact on bit Windows there is a libxml2. dll whereas on one build for bit Windows the DLL is called libxml Using import libraries can cover over these differences but can cause equal difficulties. If static libraries are available they can save a lot of problems with run-time finding of DLLs, especially when binary packages are to be distributed and even more when these support both architectures.

Where using DLLs is unavoidable we normally arrange via configure. ucrt to ship them in the same directory as the package DLL. Next: Using pthreads , Previous: Using Makevars , Up: Using Makevars [ Contents ][ Index ]. There is some support for packages which wish to use OpenMP The make macros. If you do use your own checks, make sure that OpenMP support is complete by compiling and linking an OpenMP-using program: on some platforms the runtime library is optional and on others that library depends on other optional libraries.

Some care is needed when compilers are from different families which may use different OpenMP runtimes e. For a package with Fortran code using OpenMP the appropriate lines are. as the C compiler will be used to link the package code. There are platforms on which this does not work for some OpenMP-using code and installation will fail.

So cross-check that e. h header: some compilers but not all include it when OpenMP mode is switched on e. via flag -fopenmp. There is nothing 37 to say what version of OpenMP is supported: version 4. Apple clang on macOS has no OpenMP support. Rarely, using OpenMP with clang on Linux generates calls in libatomic , resulting in loading messages like. The performance of OpenMP varies substantially between platforms.

The Windows implementation has substantial overheads, so is only beneficial if quite substantial tasks are run in parallel. Also, on Windows new threads are started with the default 38 FPU control word, so computations done on OpenMP threads will not make use of extended-precision arithmetic which is the default for the main process. Many functions in the R API modify internal R data structures and might corrupt these data structures if called simultaneously from multiple threads.

Most R API functions can signal errors, which must only happen on the R main thread. Also, external libraries e. LAPACK may not be thread-safe. Packages are not standard-alone programs, and an R process could contain more than one OpenMP-enabled package as well as other components for example, an optimized BLAS making use of OpenMP. So careful consideration needs to be given to resource usage.

Parallel regions can be nested, although it is common to use only a single thread below the first level. R uses Note that setting environment variables to control OpenMP is implementation-dependent and may need to be done outside the R process or before any use of OpenMP which might be by another process or R itself. Next: Compiling in sub-directories , Previous: OpenMP support , Up: Using Makevars [ Contents ][ Index ]. There is no direct support for the POSIX threads more commonly known as pthreads : by the time we considered adding it several packages were using it unconditionally so it seems that nowadays it is universally available on POSIX operating systems hence not Windows.

For reasonably recent versions of gcc and clang the correct specification is. For other platforms the specification is. and note that the library name is singular. This is what -pthread does on all known current platforms although earlier versions of OpenBSD used a different library name.

POSIX threads are not normally used on Windows, which has its own native concepts of threads. However, there are two projects implementing pthreads on top of Windows, pthreads-w32 and winpthreads part of the MinGW-w64 project.

Whether Windows toolchains implement pthreads is up to the toolchain provider. See also the comments on thread-safety and performance under OpenMP: on all known R platforms OpenMP is implemented via pthreads and the known performance issues are in the latter. Previous: Using pthreads , Up: Using Makevars [ Contents ][ Index ]. Package authors fairly often want to organize code in sub-directories of src , for example if they are including a separate piece of external software to which this is an R interface.

One simple way is simply to set OBJECTS to be all the objects that need to be compiled, including in sub-directories. For example, CRAN package RSiena has. One problem with that approach is that unless GNU make extensions are used, the source files need to be listed and kept up-to-date. As in the following from CRAN package lossDev :. Where the subdirectory is self-contained code with a suitable makefile, the best approach is something like.

Note the quotes: the macros can contain spaces, e. Others forget the need 42 for position-independent code. Next: Using F9x code , Previous: Using Makevars , Up: Configure and cleanup [ Contents ][ Index ]. The configure. ac file follows: configure is created from this by running autoconf in the top-level package directory containing configure. A user can then be advised to specify the location of the ODBC driver manager files by options like lines broken for easier reading. R assumes that source files with extension.

f95 , but those are not used by R itself so this is not required. The same compiler is used 43 for both fixed-form and free-form Fortran code with different file extensions and possibly different flags. However, Fortran 95 is widely supported. Intel Fortran has full Fortran support from version Modern versions of Fortran support modules, whereby compiling one source file creates a module file which is then included in others.

Module files typically have a. mod extension: they do depend on the compiler used and so should never be included in a package. This creates a dependence which make will not know about and often causes installation with a parallel make to fail.

For example, if file iface. f90 and dmi. Note that it is not portable although some platforms do accept it to define a module of the same name in multiple source files. Next: Using cmake , Previous: Using F9x code , Up: Configure and cleanup [ Contents ][ Index ]. As from R 4. ucrt on Windows should include the line. Such a check could be. Note that Windows builds prior to R 4. html to see if the features you want to use are widely implemented. Packages often wish to include the sources of other software and compile that for inclusion in their.

so or. dll , which is normally done by including or unpacking the sources in a subdirectory of src , as considered above. Further issues arise when the external software uses another build system such as cmake , principally to ensure that all the settings for compilers, include and load paths etc are made. This section has already mentioned the need to set at least some of. html manual:cmake-env-variables 7 , but it may be desirable to translate these into native settings such as.

Two approaches have been used. It is often most convenient to build the external software in a directory other than its sources particularly during development when the build directory can be removed between builds rather than attempting to clean the sources — this is illustrated in the first approach. Next: Writing package vignettes , Previous: Configure and cleanup , Up: Creating R packages [ Contents ][ Index ]. Before using these tools, please check that your package can be installed.

R CMD check will inter alia do this, but you may get more detailed error messages doing the install directly. Renviron are used to set environment variables when using these utilities.

win , cleanup. win , configure. ucrt or cleanup. ucrt scripts or a src directory and e. need vignettes built. You may need to set the environment variable TMPDIR to point to a suitable writable directory with a path not containing spaces — use forward slashes for the separators. Also, the directory needs to be on a case-honouring file system some network-mounted file systems are not. Next: Building package tarballs , Previous: Checking and building packages , Up: Checking and building packages [ Contents ][ Index ].

Using R CMD check , the R package checker, one can test whether source R packages work correctly. It can be run on one or more directories, or compressed package tar archives with extension. tgz ,. It is strongly recommended that the final checks are run on a tar archive prepared by R CMD build. A warning is given for directory names that look like R package check directories — many packages have been submitted to CRAN containing these.

Note that the latter might give false positives in that the symbols might be pulled in with external libraries and could never be called. Of course, released packages should be able to run at least their own examples. If there is an error 51 in executing the R code in vignette foo. ext , a log file foo.

log is created in the check directory. Use R CMD check --help to obtain more information about the usage of the R package checker. A subset of the checking steps can be selected by adding command-line options. Rprofile , by e. which reports unused local assignments. Not only does this point out computations which are unnecessary because their results are unused, it also can uncover errors. Tens of thousands of foreign Muslims are thought to have immigrated to the Islamic State.

Recruits hail from France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Holland, Australia, Indonesia, the United States, and many other places. Many have come to fight, and many intend to die. Peter R. Online recruitment has also widened the demographics of the jihadist community, by allowing conservative Muslim women—physically isolated in their homes—to reach out to recruiters, radicalize, and arrange passage to Syria.

Through its appeals to both genders, the Islamic State hopes to build a complete society. For three years he was a televangelist on Iqraa TV in Cairo, but he left after the station objected to his frequent calls to establish a caliphate. Now he preaches on Facebook and Twitter. Cerantonio—a big, friendly man with a bookish demeanor—told me he blanches at beheading videos.

He hates seeing the violence, even though supporters of the Islamic State are required to endorse it. He speaks out, controversially among jihadists, against suicide bombing, on the grounds that God forbids suicide; he differs from the Islamic State on a few other points as well. He has the kind of unkempt facial hair one sees on certain overgrown fans of The Lord of the Rings , and his obsession with Islamic apocalypticism felt familiar. He is stuck in Melbourne, where he is well known to the local constabulary.

If Cerantonio were caught facilitating the movement of individuals to the Islamic State, he would be imprisoned. Cerantonio grew up there in a half-Irish, half-Calabrian family. On a typical street one can find African restaurants, Vietnamese shops, and young Arabs walking around in the Salafi uniform of scraggly beard, long shirt, and trousers ending halfway down the calves.

Cerantonio explained the joy he felt when Baghdadi was declared the caliph on June 29—and the sudden, magnetic attraction that Mesopotamia began to exert on him and his friends. The last caliphate was the Ottoman empire, which reached its peak in the 16th century and then experienced a long decline, until the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, euthanized it in Baghdadi spoke at length of the importance of the caliphate in his Mosul sermon.

He said that to revive the institution of the caliphate—which had not functioned except in name for about 1, years—was a communal obligation. Unlike bin Laden, and unlike those false caliphs of the Ottoman empire, he is Qurayshi. The caliphate, Cerantonio told me, is not just a political entity but also a vehicle for salvation. They are neither obviously saved nor definitively condemned. Similarly, Cerantonio said, the Muslim who acknowledges one omnipotent god and prays, but who dies without pledging himself to a valid caliph and incurring the obligations of that oath, has failed to live a fully Islamic life.

I pointed out that this means the vast majority of Muslims in history, and all who passed away between and , died a death of disbelief. Cerantonio nodded gravely. This last criterion, Cerantonio said, is the hardest to fulfill, and requires that the caliph have territory in which he can enforce Islamic law.

He and others spoke quietly to those in power and told them that further delay would be sinful. They prepared a letter to various powerful members of ISIS , airing their displeasure at the failure to appoint a caliph, but were pacified by Adnani, the spokesman, who let them in on a secret—that a caliphate had already been declared, long before the public announcement.

They had their legitimate caliph, and at that point there was only one option. Jürgen Todenhöfer, a German author and former politician who visited the Islamic State in December, reported the arrival of fighters at one Turkish-border recruitment station in just two days. His report, among others, suggests a still-steady inflow of foreigners, ready to give up everything at home for a shot at paradise in the worst place on Earth.

In London, a week before my meal with Cerantonio, I met with three ex-members of a banned Islamist group called Al Muhajiroun The Emigrants : Anjem Choudary, Abu Baraa, and Abdul Muhid. They all expressed desire to emigrate to the Islamic State, as many of their colleagues already had, but the authorities had confiscated their passports. Like Cerantonio, they regarded the caliphate as the only righteous government on Earth, though none would confess having pledged allegiance.

He frequently appears on cable news, as one of the few people producers can book who will defend the Islamic State vociferously, until his mike is cut. He has a reputation in the United Kingdom as a loathsome blowhard, but he and his disciples sincerely believe in the Islamic State and, on matters of doctrine, speak in its voice.

Choudary and the others feature prominently in the Twitter feeds of Islamic State residents, and Abu Baraa maintains a YouTube channel to answer questions about Sharia.

Since September, authorities have been investigating the three men on suspicion of supporting terrorism. Because of this investigation, they had to meet me separately: communication among them would have violated the terms of their bail. But speaking with them felt like speaking with the same person wearing different masks.

Choudary met me in a candy shop in the East London suburb of Ilford. He was dressed smartly, in a crisp blue tunic reaching nearly to his ankles, and sipped a Red Bull while we talked. But create a caliphate, and this law, along with a huge body of other jurisprudence, suddenly awakens.

In theory, all Muslims are obliged to immigrate to the territory where the caliph is applying these laws. On the day I met Choudary, Abu Rumaysah tweeted out a picture of himself with a Kalashnikov in one arm and his newborn son in the other.

Hashtag: GenerationKhilafah. The caliph is required to implement Sharia. Any deviation will compel those who have pledged allegiance to inform the caliph in private of his error and, in extreme cases, to excommunicate and replace him if he persists. In return, the caliph commands obedience—and those who persist in supporting non-Muslim governments, after being duly warned and educated about their sin, are considered apostates.

Abdul Muhid, 32, continued along these lines. He was dressed in mujahideen chic when I met him at a local restaurant: scruffy beard, Afghan cap, and a wallet outside of his clothes, attached with what looked like a shoulder holster. When we sat down, he was eager to discuss welfare. The Islamic State may have medieval-style punishments for moral crimes lashes for boozing or fornication, stoning for adultery , but its social-welfare program is, at least in some aspects, progressive to a degree that would please an MSNBC pundit.

Health care, he said, is free. All Muslims acknowledge that God is the only one who knows the future. But they also agree that he has offered us a peek at it, in the Koran and in narrations of the Prophet. It is in this casting that the Islamic State is most boldly distinctive from its predecessors, and clearest in the religious nature of its mission.

In broad strokes, al-Qaeda acts like an underground political movement, with worldly goals in sight at all times—the expulsion of non-Muslims from the Arabian peninsula, the abolishment of the state of Israel, the end of support for dictatorships in Muslim lands. The Islamic State has its share of worldly concerns including, in the places it controls, collecting garbage and keeping the water running , but the End of Days is a leitmotif of its propaganda.

Bin Laden rarely mentioned the apocalypse, and when he did, he seemed to presume that he would be long dead when the glorious moment of divine comeuppance finally arrived. During the last years of the U. They were anticipating, within a year, the arrival of the Mahdi—a messianic figure destined to lead the Muslims to victory before the end of the world.

For certain true believers—the kind who long for epic good-versus-evil battles—visions of apocalyptic bloodbaths fulfill a deep psychological need. Of the Islamic State supporters I met, Musa Cerantonio, the Australian, expressed the deepest interest in the apocalypse and how the remaining days of the Islamic State—and the world—might look.

Parts of that prediction are original to him, and do not yet have the status of doctrine. The Islamic State has attached great importance to the Syrian city of Dabiq, near Aleppo.

It is here, the Prophet reportedly said, that the armies of Rome will set up their camp. Now that it has taken Dabiq, the Islamic State awaits the arrival of an enemy army there, whose defeat will initiate the countdown to the apocalypse. During fighting in Iraq in December, after mujahideen perhaps inaccurately reported having seen American soldiers in battle, Islamic State Twitter accounts erupted in spasms of pleasure, like overenthusiastic hosts or hostesses upon the arrival of the first guests at a party.

The Prophetic narration that foretells the Dabiq battle refers to the enemy as Rome. But Cerantonio makes a case that Rome meant the Eastern Roman empire, which had its capital in what is now Istanbul. We should think of Rome as the Republic of Turkey—the same republic that ended the last self-identified caliphate, 90 years ago.

Other Islamic State sources suggest that Rome might mean any infidel army, and the Americans will do nicely. After its battle in Dabiq, Cerantonio said, the caliphate will expand and sack Istanbul. Some believe it will then cover the entire Earth, but Cerantonio suggested its tide may never reach beyond the Bosporus. Just as Dajjal prepares to finish them off, Jesus—the second-most-revered prophet in Islam—will return to Earth, spear Dajjal, and lead the Muslims to victory.

But he is hopeful. The Islamic State has its best and worst days ahead of it. Osama bin Laden was seldom predictable. He ended his first television interview cryptically. In London, Choudary and his students provided detailed descriptions of how the Islamic State must conduct its foreign policy, now that it is a caliphate.

But the waging of war to expand the caliphate is an essential duty of the caliph. Choudary took pains to present the laws of war under which the Islamic State operates as policies of mercy rather than of brutality. He told me the state has an obligation to terrorize its enemies—a holy order to scare the shit out of them with beheadings and crucifixions and enslavement of women and children, because doing so hastens victory and avoids prolonged conflict.

If the caliph consents to a longer-term peace or permanent border, he will be in error. Temporary peace treaties are renewable, but may not be applied to all enemies at once: the caliph must wage jihad at least once a year. He may not rest, or he will fall into a state of sin. One comparison to the Islamic State is the Khmer Rouge, which killed about a third of the population of Cambodia. Even to hasten the arrival of a caliphate by democratic means—for example by voting for political candidates who favor a caliphate—is shirk.

For the Islamic State, that recognition is ideological suicide. Other Islamist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas, have succumbed to the blandishments of democracy and the potential for an invitation to the community of nations, complete with a UN seat. Negotiation and accommodation have worked, at times, for the Taliban as well. To the Islamic State these are not options, but acts of apostasy.

The United States and its allies have reacted to the Islamic State belatedly and in an apparent daze. Our failure to appreciate the split between the Islamic State and al-Qaeda, and the essential differences between the two, has led to dangerous decisions. Last fall, to take one example, the U. The plan facilitated—indeed, required—the interaction of some of the founding figures of the Islamic State and al-Qaeda, and could hardly have looked more hastily improvised.

Maqdisi had already called for the state to extend mercy to Alan Henning, the British cabbie who had entered Syria to deliver aid to children. In December, The Guardian reported that the U. Maqdisi was living freely in Jordan, but had been banned from communicating with terrorists abroad, and was being monitored closely. After Jordan granted the United States permission to reintroduce Maqdisi to Binali, Maqdisi bought a phone with American money and was allowed to correspond merrily with his former student for a few days, before the Jordanian government stopped the chats and used them as a pretext to jail Maqdisi.

Multiple attempts to elicit comment from the FBI were unsuccessful. Chastened by our earlier indifference, we are now meeting the Islamic State via Kurdish and Iraqi proxy on the battlefield, and with regular air assaults. Some observers have called for escalation, including several predictable voices from the interventionist right Max Boot, Frederick Kagan , who have urged the deployment of tens of thousands of American soldiers. The Islamic State cannot. If it loses its grip on its territory in Syria and Iraq, it will cease to be a caliphate.

Caliphates cannot exist as underground movements, because territorial authority is a requirement: take away its command of territory, and all those oaths of allegiance are no longer binding. Former pledges could of course continue to attack the West and behead their enemies, as freelancers.

But the propaganda value of the caliphate would disappear, and with it the supposed religious duty to immigrate and serve it. If the state musters at Dabiq in full force, only to be routed, it might never recover. And yet the risks of escalation are enormous. The biggest proponent of an American invasion is the Islamic State itself. The provocative videos, in which a black-hooded executioner addresses President Obama by name, are clearly made to draw America into the fight.

Yet another invasion and occupation would confirm that suspicion, and bolster recruitment. Add the incompetence of our previous efforts as occupiers, and we have reason for reluctance. The rise of ISIS , after all, happened only because our previous occupation created space for Zarqawi and his followers.

Who knows the consequences of another botched job? Given everything we know about the Islamic State, continuing to slowly bleed it, through air strikes and proxy warfare, appears the best of bad military options. Neither the Kurds nor the Shia will ever subdue and control the whole Sunni heartland of Syria and Iraq—they are hated there, and have no appetite for such an adventure anyway. But they can keep the Islamic State from fulfilling its duty to expand. And with every month that it fails to expand, it resembles less the conquering state of the Prophet Muhammad than yet another Middle Eastern government failing to bring prosperity to its people.

But its threat to the United States is smaller than its all too frequent conflation with al-Qaeda would suggest. It sees enemies everywhere around it, and while its leadership wishes ill on the United States, the application of Sharia in the caliphate and the expansion to contiguous lands are paramount. The foreign fighters and their wives and children have been traveling to the caliphate on one-way tickets: they want to live under true Sharia, and many want martyrdom.

Doctrine, recall, requires believers to reside in the caliphate if it is at all possible for them to do so. This would be an eccentric act for someone intending to return to blow himself up in line at the Louvre or to hold another chocolate shop hostage in Sydney.

But most of the attackers have been frustrated amateurs, unable to immigrate to the caliphate because of confiscated passports or other problems.

During his visit to Mosul in December, Jürgen Todenhöfer interviewed a portly German jihadist and asked whether any of his comrades had returned to Europe to carry out attacks. The jihadist seemed to regard returnees not as soldiers but as dropouts. Properly contained, the Islamic State is likely to be its own undoing. No country is its ally, and its ideology ensures that this will remain the case. The land it controls, while expansive, is mostly uninhabited and poor. And as more reports of misery within it leak out, radical Islamist movements elsewhere will be discredited: No one has tried harder to implement strict Sharia by violence.

This is what it looks like. But we should watch carefully for a rapprochement. Muslims can say that slavery is not legitimate now , and that crucifixion is wrong at this historical juncture. Many say precisely this. But they cannot condemn slavery or crucifixion outright without contradicting the Koran and the example of the Prophet. That really would be an act of apostasy. Musa Cerantonio and the Salafis I met in London are unstumpable: no question I posed left them stuttering.

They lectured me garrulously and, if one accepts their premises, convincingly. To call them un-Islamic appears, to me, to invite them into an argument that they would win. If they had been froth-spewing maniacs, I might be able to predict that their movement would burn out as the psychopaths detonated themselves or became drone-splats, one by one. But these men spoke with an academic precision that put me in mind of a good graduate seminar. I even enjoyed their company, and that frightened me as much as anything else.

Non-muslims cannot tell Muslims how to practice their religion properly. But Muslims have long since begun this debate within their own ranks. There is no such thing as a nonpracticing vegetarian.

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Search Advanced search…. Everywhere Threads This forum This thread. Search Advanced…. Install the app. Thread starter mrrich06 Start date Aug 14, Watchers 61 Tags alerts binary option indicator mql5 mt5 signal super. Forums Trading Platforms MetaTrader Indicators. JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.

You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly. You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. mrrich06 Master Trader. Nov 3, 30 13 I thought to give it a try but unfortunately it was just available for MT4 not for MT5. Bad luck for me because my Broker runs on MT5 platform only.

So, I thought of to create my own indicator but I couldn't code because I'm not a Programmer. To solve this problem I researched hard and hard enough and found out that the indicator was renamed later and it was a Clone of Super Signal Indicator. The Super Signal indicator was available for MT5. But there was 2 problems with this indicator 1. It says Array out of range in the Journal in MT5.

Doesn't has an alert function. Doesn't Update on the chart. So to see new signal you have to reload the indicator. After facing lots and lots of trouble i fixed the problems 1 and 2. But still have problem with the issue no 3. I just need to help to fix the issue no 3. The indicator doesn't update itself. To see the new signal you have to reload the indicator to the chart.

If there's anyone who can help me out then this will be a really big help. Thanks In Advance, I've attached the indicator. mq5 Enivid Administrator Staff member. Nov 30, 17, 1, Odessa www. Adding this check after the line should do the trick: MQL Emili Ladjet Trader. Jul 29, 3 2 8 I can help. But, Let me know if you are sure this indicator is profitable.

I can give a try when i get time. Enivid said:. Click to expand Emili Ladjet said:. Last edited: Aug 15, I've fixed the problem no 3 related to auto update. But the problem is that now my indicator doesn't produces alert signals. Now I need it to get it fixed. Need this indicator to produce alert signal.

If any one can help then it would be a great help. Why don't you copy the alert code from your the version attached in your original post here? Salim Chowdhury Trader. Jul 12, 3 1 mrrich06 said:. Jama jama Trader. Mar 13, 4 1 14 Its been year since this post is here but I will try and add sound alert to the indicator and gt back to you here.

JFX Newbie. Apr 8, 4 1 3 What time frame is the best to use this indicator? Gilmar Carvalho Trader. Jul 1, 1 0 6 Did you implant the alert in the super-signals indicator? Please when you can post here. printf "Alert function of BUY Arrow has been run. printf "Alert function of SELL Arrow has been run.

Salim Chowdhury said:. Hello mrrich06, If you want I can get it done by a professional coder. But the system needs to prove useful at the present time too as it was posted a long time ago in "forex strategies" more than 4 years ago.

Last edited: Jul 4, Jama jama said:. JFX said:. Respected Admin, Sorry for the late reply. I followed your guidelines above and did exactly what you have said.

Everything works fine only except there is no alert sound when the arrow appears. So, i was wondering how do i fix this then suddenly i came up with an idea of adding a small line of code to my function that displays Buy Arrow and Sell Arrow. for Buy Arrow MQL ArraySetAsSeries time , true ;.

ArraySetAsSeries high , true ;. There is a problem with the indicator code and there is a problem with how the alerts are added. The indicator's code should be fixed by adding this line: MQL sayed mufez fazil Trader. Jul 11, 2 0 7 mrrich06, the signal appears after the completion of two candles how do i trade??

after the completion of the candle in which the signal has appeared we have to trade on the next candle but the signal appears after the completion of two candles what should i do?? please solve this issue. Screenshot png Gilmar Carvalho said:. sayed mufez fazil said:. Last edited: Jul 12, Show hidden low quality content.

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Unlike bin Laden, and unlike those false caliphs of the Ottoman empire, he is Qurayshi. It should not end in a period or comma. C99 for C code. NB : Using these arguments for a package which does not register native symbols merely slows down the package loading although many CRAN packages have done so. M4 files for autoconf : some prefer to put those in a subdirectory m4 of tools. So for example instead of. The correct way to do this is via.

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